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歌手名：新概念第四册
歌曲名：44
专辑名：hgjjhjj
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Lesson 44 Patterns of culture
First listen and then answer the following question
What influences us from the moment of birth?
Custom has not commonly been regarded
as a subject of any great moment.
The inner work-ings of our own brains
we feel to be uniquely wor-thy of inves-tigation,
but custom, we have a way of thinking,
is behaviour at its most commonplace.
As a matter of fact, it is the other way around.
Traditional custom, taken the world over,
is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing
than what any one person can ever evolve
in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.
Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter.
The fact of first-rate impo-rtance is the predominant role
that custom pl-ays in experien-ce and in belief,
and the very gr-eat varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes.
He sees it edited by a definite set of customs
and institutions and ways of thinking.
Even in his philosophical probings
he cannot go be-hind these stereotypes;
his very conc-epts of the true
and the false will still have reference
to his particu-lar traditional customs.
John Dewey has said in all seriousness
that the part played by custom
in shaping the behaviour of the individual,
as against any way in which he can affect tra-ditional custom,
is as the prop-ortion of the total vocabula-ry of his mother
tongue against those words of his own baby talk
that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.
When one seri-ously studies the social or-ders
that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously,
the figure becomes no more than an exact
and matter-of-fact observati-on.
The life hist-ory of the ind-ividual is first
and foremost an accommoda-tion to the pa-tterns
and standards traditionally handed down
in his commun-ity. From the moment of his birth,
the customs into which he is born
shape his experience and behaviour.
By the time he can talk,
he is the litt-le creature of his culture,
and by the time he is grown
and able to take part in its activities,
its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs,
its impossibil-ities his impossibilities.
Every child that is born into his group will share them with him,
and no child born into one
on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve
the thousandth part.
There is no social problem it is more
incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom.
Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties,
the main compli-cating facts of human life
must remain unintelligible.
The study of custom can be profitable
only after cert-ain preliminary propositions
have been accepted, and some of the-se propositions
have been viole-ntly opposed.
In the first place, any scie-ntific study requires
that there be on preferential weighting of one or another
of the items in the series it selects for its consideration.
In all the less controversial fields,
like the study of cacti or ter-mites or the na-ture of nebulae,
the necessary method of study
is to group the relevant mater-ial
and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions.
In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws
of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects,
let us say. It is only in the study of man himself
that the major social sciences have substitut-ed the study
of one local variation,that of Western civilization.
Anthropology was by definit-ion impossible,
as long as these distinctions
between oursel-ves and the primitive,
ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan,
held sway over people＇s minds.
It was necess-ary first to arrive at
that degree of sophistication
where we no longer set our own belief
against our neighbour＇s superstition.
It was necess-ary to recognize
that these institutions
which are based on the same premises,
let us say the supernatural,
must be consid-ered together,our own among the rest.