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歌手名：新概念第四册
歌曲名：41
专辑名：hgjjhjj
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Lesson 41 Training eleph-ants
First listen and then answer the following question.
At what point does the train-ing of a captive
wild elephant begin?
Two main techn-iques have been used for train-ing elephants,
which we may call respective-ly the tough and the gentle.
The former meth-od simply consi-sts of setting an elephant to work
and beating him until he does what is expected of him.
Apart from any moral considera-tions
this is a stupid method of training,
for it produces a resentful ani-mal
who at a later stage may well turn man -killer.
The gentle meth-od requires more patience in the early stages,
but produces a cheerful, good-tempered eleph-ant
who will give many years of loyal service.
The first essen-tial in elephant training
is to assign to the animal a single mahout
who will be entirely responsible of the job.
Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do,
and are capable of a considera-ble degree
of personal affection.
There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves
who have refused to feed and pined to death
when by some unavoidable circumstance
they have been deprived of their own trainer.
Such extreme cases must probably be taken
with a grain of salt,
but they do underline the general principle
that the relat-ionship between elephant
and mahout is the key to successful training.
The most economical age to capture an elephant
for training is between fifteen and twenty years,
for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work
and can begin to earn its keep straight away.
But animals of this age do not easily become
subservient to man,
and a very firm hand must be employed
in the early stages.
The captive elephant, still roped to a tree,
plunges and screams every time a man approaches,
and for several days will proba-bly refuse all food
through anger and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant
is tethered ne-arby to give the wild one confidence,
and in most cases the capt-ive gradually quietens down
and begins to accept its food.
The next stage is to get the elephant
to the training establishment,
a ticklish busi-ness which is achieved
with the aid of two tame eleph-ants roped to the captive
on either side.When several elephants are being trained
at one time, it is customary
for the new arr-ival to be plac-ed between the stalls
of two captives whose training is already well advanced.
It is then left completely undi-sturbed
with plenty of food and water
so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home
and see that nothing partic-ularly alarming
is happening to its companions.When it is eat-ing normally,
its own train-ing begins.
The trainer st-ands in front of the elephant
holding a long stick with a sh-arp metal point.
Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants,
control the captive from either side,
while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment
of a monotonous and soothing chant.
This is supposed to induce
pleasurable sensations in the elephant,
and its effects are reinforced
by the use of endearing epithets,
such as ＇ho! my son＇, or ＇ho! my father＇, or ＇my mother＇,
according to the age and sex of the captive.
The elephant is not immediately susceptible
to such blandi-shments, how-ever,
and usually las-hes fiercely wi-th its trunk in all directions.
These movements are controlled by the trainer
with the metal-pointed stick,
and the trunk eventually becomes so sore
that the eleph-ant curls it up
and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.